@article{migicovsky_morphometrics_2018, abstract = {Apple (Malus spp.) is a widely grown and valuable fruit crop. Leaf shape is important for flowering in apple and may also be an early indicator for other agriculturally valuable traits. We examined 9,000 leaves from 869 unique apple accessions using linear measurements and comprehensive morphometric techniques. We identified allometric variation as the result of differing length-to-width aspect ratios between accessions and species of apple. The allometric variation was due to variation in the width of the leaf blade, not the length. Aspect ratio was highly correlated with the first principal component ({PC}1) of morphometric variation quantified using elliptical Fourier descriptors ({EFDs}) and persistent homology ({PH}). While the primary source of variation was aspect ratio, subsequent {PCs} corresponded to complex shape variation not captured by linear measurements. After linking the morphometric information with over 122,000 genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms ({SNPs}), we found high {SNP} heritability values even at later {PCs}, indicating that comprehensive morphometrics can capture complex, heritable phenotypes. Thus, techniques such as {EFDs} and {PH} are capturing heritable biological variation that would be missed using linear measurements alone.}, author = {Migicovsky, Zoƫ and Li, Mao and Chitwood, Daniel H. and Myles, Sean}, date = {2018}, doi = {10.3389/fpls.2017.02185}, journaltitle = {Frontiers in Plant Science}, keywords = {1 - Agriculture, 1 - Apple, 1 - Leaf shape, 1 - Malus domestica, 1 - Morphology, 1 - Morphometrics, 2 - Elliptical Fourier descriptors, 2 - Persistent homology, 3 - Apple, 3 - Chaincode, 3 - Crop, 3 - Outline}, langid = {english}, title = {Morphometrics Reveals Complex and Heritable Apple Leaf Shapes}, url = {https://www.readcube.com/articles/10.3389%2Ffpls.2017.02185}, urldate = {2020-11-10}, volume = {8} }